Aerodynamic Drag Reduction in Modern Consumer Automobiles Dissertation

Aerodynamic Drag Reduction in Modern Consumer Automobiles - Dissertation Example Within the course of their experiments, they uncovered many different types of aerodynamic drag on vehicles. In addressing these disparities, they came up with various modern designs to also help to reduce drag. Moreover, it can be seen that dissimilarities existed in the differences between racing car design and road car design, which had led them to explore the reasons why road vehicles did not look like racing cars. This paper will investigate other factors, such as European legislation, that influences the appearance of road vehicles. In addition, it will discuss how and why the appearance of modern cars changed in recent years through the use of texts, pictures, graphs, equations and diagrams. Moreover, the role of Bernoulli relationship on the flow around an object will be explored as well as an explanation of boundary layer properties. Finally, it will analyze flow control using passive methods like vortex generators. Clearly, researchers in their investigations had devised in novative ways to reduce the aerodynamic drag of modern road vehicles. Bettes (1982) defined aerodynamic drag as occurring when a car moved through air and the energy that opposed its direction and slowed down its movement. Another more comprehensive definition of aerodynamic drag was: †The resistance of the air to forward movement, sometimes called "aerodynamic drag". This is a factor of the shape of the vehicle, the objects which stick out (i.e., mirrors, mufflers, bumpers), the amount of turbulence at the rear of the vehicle, the nature of the vehicle's skin surface, and the amount of air going through the vehicle for cooling and ventilation. The faster you go, the greater the air friction (proportional to velocity ²). At the same time, the power to overcome such friction is proportional to velocity ³.† (www.f1technical.net/glossary/). ... Moreover, the role of Bernoulli relationship on the flow around an object will be explored as well as an explanation of boundary layer properties. Finally, it will analyze flow control using passive methods like vortex generators. Clearly, researchers in their investigations had devised innovative ways to reduce the aerodynamic drag of modern road vehicles. II. Aerodynamic Drag of Vehicles a. Drag and the Different Types of Aerodynamic Drag on Vehicles Bettes (1982) defined aerodynamic drag as occurring when a car moved through air and the energy that opposed its direction and slowed down its movement. Another more comprehensive definition of aerodynamic drag was: †The resistance of the air to forward movement, sometimes called "aerodynamic drag". This is a factor of the shape of the vehicle, the objects which stick out (i.e., mirrors, mufflers, bumpers), the amount of turbulence at the rear of the vehicle, the nature of the vehicle's skin surface, and the amount of air going t hrough the vehicle for cooling and ventilation. The faster you go, the greater the air friction (proportional to velocity?). At the same time, the power to overcome such friction is proportional to velocity?.† (www.f1technical.net/glossary/). Bettes (1982) examined the fuel use required to offset the aerodynamic drag of road vehicles, but it served as one of many factors affecting cars. Lift force and the side force comprised other factors as well, which were referred to in non dimensional coefficients used in a broad speed array. Moreover, these forces and their associations with their axes (pitching, yawing, and rolling) relied upon the square of the speed of the

Climate Change and Its Impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Climate Change and Its Impact - Essay Example The drastic and unusual effect of climate change that have affected not a few countries are the following: coldest winter in UK in 2008-2009 (since 1996-1997), strong North Atlantic storm in British Isles in 2009 (disrupted power and damaged buildings), Midwest heavy rains and worst floods in June 2008 (since 1993), hurricane Omar in July 2008 with winds of 205 km/hour and ravaged a wide area for 17 days, tropical storm Fay that hit Florida four times with its 100 km/hour winds, the worst drought that hit Spain and Portugal in 2008, the worst South California wildfire that damaged an area of 8,100 hectares in April 2009, the worst Mexico drought in August 2009 that affected 3.5 million farmers, the northern Africa flooding that affected Algeria and Morocco in September to November 2008, and several others (UNEP, 2009). Due to the obvious effects of climate change that include erratic and strong weather conditions, fluctuating temperatures, or changing seasons, states and nations, int ernational organizations, concerned groups and individuals call on everyone, especially carbon emitting manufacturing and production firms, to get involved in mitigating the impact of climate change. Many governments have already passed laws that would address climate change concerns, and also mandated specific level of carbon emission for manufacturers and production companies. On the other hand, some governments and global or organizations provide carbon incentive to countries or corporations that comply with low-carbon emission.... re that damaged an area of 8,100 hectares in April 2009, the worst Mexico drought in August 2009 that affected 3.5 million farmers, the northern Africa flooding that affected Algeria and Morocco in September to November 2008, and several others (UNEP, 2009). Due to the obvious effects of climate change that include erratic and strong weather conditions, fluctuating temperatures, or changing seasons, states and nations, international organizations, concerned groups and individuals call on everyone, especially carbon emitting manufacturing and production firms, to get involved in mitigating the impact of climate change. Many governments have already passed laws that would address climate change concerns, and also mandated specific level of carbon emission for manufacturers and production companies. On the other hand, some governments and global or organizations provide carbon incentive to countries or corporations that comply with low-carbon emission in their activities. The United Nat ions has also initiated the treaty United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to enjoin compliance of member-states to the principles of UN on climate change. Fingerprint and Harbinger of Climate Change Climate change is easily identifiable with the erratic climate and weather patterns being experienced around the globe. It can be attributed to several factors that include increase in temperature due to the trapped heat from the sun, called the greenhouse effect (More on, n.d.) (see Figure 1). The trapped heat kept which is unable to escape into space kept the earth’s temperature moderate to sustain life. But in the current trend, man is adding more gases into the atmosphere that amplify the temperature level (More on, n.d.). Gases released into the atmosphere that

Analysing The Effects Of Forest Fires Environmental Sciences Essay

Analysing The Effects Of Forest Fires Environmental Sciences Essay Problem Area, Facts and Figures. A forest is an area which consists of a high density of trees. It contribute a major part of the ecosystem which are dominated with trees and other woody vegetation all the living organism of forest such as (plants, trees , herbs ,fungi, mammals birds , insects, reptiles , amphibians and other microorganism ) interact with each other and with the non living part of the environment to make a forest Forest Geographical Area A recent survey by Global Forest Resource Assessment 2010 (FRA2010) was collected and analyzed from 233 countries and area of the world, the total area of the worlds forest cover in the year 2010 is estimated just over 4 billion hector which corresponds to 31 percent of the total land area, where the area of the forest is not uniformly distributed. The map of the Worlds forests is illustrated in figure.1 which presented by Global Forest Resource Assessment 2010 (FRA 2010). Figure.1 The Worlds Forest Global Forest Resource Assessment (FRA 2010) Forest Land Water The Russian Federation, Canada, Brazil, the United States of America and China are the five most forest rich countries. And they contribute of 53 percent of the total forest area, whereas 64 countries have no more than 10 percent of the forest land area. In figure 1.1 describe the pie chart of the regional distribution of forest level with respect to total area of the worlds forest. We observe that Europe including Russia contains 25 percent of the forest. Figure 1.1 Distribution of forests by region 2010 Global Forest Resource Assessment (FRA 2010) In addition 21 percent of the forest is covered by South America and 17 percent is existed in Africa and North and Central America. More specifically after study of Swedish forest statistics we have also find that Sweden is the second biggest country of the Europe after Russia in forestry and approximate 66 percent of the total land area is covered with forest. http://www.nordicforestry.org/facts/Sweden.asp#En http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/62219/en/ Wildfire and Causes As from the above discussion we observe that forest is contributing in major part of the world. Forest fires are one of natures unpredictable natural disasters and have caused tremendous loss to the humans, the animals and the nature, forest fires also known as wildfire, a small spark or the suns heat in the forest can produces a destructive conflagration. Wildfire can quickly spread all over the forest in a second once a fire begins it can spread at a rate of 23 kilometer per hour, capturing everything in its path. Sometime on a peak hot day in forest a small spark from a wheel of a car or trains wheels striking on a track can ignite a wildfire, these wildfire can also be occur naturally like when heat produces from the sun and temperature rises on a dried forest area or a strike from the lightening in the forest, Moreover temperature is the physical quantity of the material and if the temperature goes rises in the woods at approximate to 300 Celsius it will start produces hydrocarbon gases and mix with the oxygen in the air to initiate fire. As a result it is true that weather plays a vital role in the birth and growth of the wildfire and even makes it more difficult in controlling of fire. Wind in the wildfires has the biggest property to move the fire at high rate across the land and can easily change the direction of fire that can damage other human property in the forest. It also examine that most of the forest fire is due to the carelessness of human activity. Climatic change and human activities are the main cause of wildfire. Below are the common causes of wildfire: Human causes One of the major causes of the wildfire is due to human carelessness which includes fireworks or playing with matches, throwing burned cigarettes, campfires, and improperly burning debris are the examples of human causes which result in wildfire. Lightning Lightning is also another reason for wildfire which occur an average scale from three to five per year. Consequently lighting also brings rain in the forest, such wildfire do not cover large areas of the forest. The most recent fire is detected in United State of America and known as Wrangler wildfire, on Wednesday, October 13, 2010 in the Kistachie Hills Wilderness on the Kistachie National Forest. It is also determine that lighting are the main cause of Wrangler fire which covers 95 percent of the total area Farming In farming for clearing the land area cutting and burring of woodlands are the common practices which results in catastrophic wildfire Volcanic Activity Another distractive cause of the wildfire are the explosion of volcanoes that are located near the forest areas, Underground Coal Sometime underground coal fires or mine fire are the causes of wildfires, this cause of fires continue to burn for several years and have direct effect on countries economic, social and ecological impacts. It also produces some kind of toxic fumes which eventually help in the destruction of human property and forest life http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire#Human_involvement http://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/natural-disasters/wildfire4.htm http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-causes-wildfires.html http://www.inciweb.org/incident/2084/ Wildfire and Effects Forest fire occurs every year and burn a large cultivated area of the forest worldwide. This resulting loss and degradation of forest land and has a direct effect on human societies and forest ecosystem; it can destroy buildings, crops and plantations, loss of foods and shelters can ultimately results in loss of wildlife or in other word major assets of the land might be demolish in this natural disaster. In the year 2007 Greek forest fires produces a massive destruction in the summer seasons and spread out very quickly in the several areas of Greece and destroy farmland, olives groves and thousands of houses, and even a large numbers of firefighters also loss their lives in this incident .Greek Forest fire in August 2007 was consider as the worst wildfire recorded in past 50 years http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/about_forests/deforestation/forestdegradation/forestfires/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Greek_forest_fires Firefighter and Problems Firefighters or firemen are rescuers specialized in controlling of hazardous fires that intimidate civilian populations and their property, rescue peoples from different incidents such as road accidents , burning buildings and other crises response The goals of firefighters according to priority are own safety, saving victims lives, saving property, and also protecting the environment. Firefighter plays an essential role in tackling of wildfire, they faces many difficulties in extinguish the wildfire, for example as wildfire is commonly occurs in dense forest areas and therefore it become almost very hard to quickly reach near to affected area of the forest, and it is due to different obstacles in the path, Moreover It is also seen that most of the firefighter suffer with lungs problems due to the heavy smokes surround them during their job work. Wildfire A Global Problem Wildfires are the global problems around the world, apart from Middle East, Antarctica and desert regions, spend huge amounts of money annually to tackle wildfires. Each year around the world several wildfires occurs in different countries locations, below is the description of some wildfire take place from the year 2006 2010 and their causes and cost of damage in different countries of the world. It is also observe that at the current time wildfire in Sweden varies between few hundreds to thousands hectares in wet and dry years respectively and the number of wildfires occurrence ranges from 2100 to 3500 annually Year 2006 On 2006 March 31 Africa suffered a net loss of forest which was measured as the second highest forest lost in the world, it was due the cause of conversion the forest land in to agriculture land , and the net loss was determine in that period per year goes to more than 4 million hectares. In the year 2006 Bulgaria face a catastrophic period of wildfire, a randomly number of forest fire occurs in March, August and September, and it cause because of burning wastage vegetables and stubbles by the farmers , Moreover it was measured as 190 fires were the causes by human activities which leads to the economical damage of 270, 000 Euro. On October 29, 2006 The Esperanza Fire was started in a river wash near Cabazon, California, west of Palm Springs, California , Wildfire causes was arson and it cover 61 square miles (160 km-seq) and was 85 percent contained and gradually it reach to 100 percent which resulted in the death of firefighters , house , and buildings. The total damage from Esperanza fire was estimated as above US$9 million http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000261/index.html Year 2007 In California June 24, 2007 the Angora fire a wind driven fire was started due to the cause of illegal campfire and the fire was 100 percent contained and burned the area of 12.5 (km-seq) and destroyed 67 business structures, 242 residences and damaged 35 other homes which estimated the total fire cost up to US$11.7 million Year 2008 In April and May 2008 the Trigo wildfire was started in New Mexico, United States of America and burned 59 homes on the location and spread over 54 km-seq, Trigo wildfire badly affected the communities of Manzano , Torreon and Tajique, The direct loss of Trigo fire was $10 million which count for the destruction of 59 homes and 40 business structures where as $ 11 million was used in firefighting. In July 2008, Los Angeles Times reported that the month old Zaca wildfire had cost more than US$100 million and over US$2 million on just one of these days. Zaca fire was a major wildfire but it gives us an idea about the costs incurred by cities and nations around the world. Year 2009 In August 14 2009 Yuba fire was started in the U.S. state of Californias Central Valley , Yuba County is a part of the greater Sacramento area, which burn up the area of 6seq miter and damage cost was estimated as US$12.1 million including two residential area and power lines Also from August 26 October 16 the Station Fire incident was detect in the Angeles National Forest near the U.S. Forest Service ranger station, The Station fire was counted as 10th largest wildfire in the history of California and the largest wildfire in Los Angeles that cost the approximate damage of US$ 93.8 million for fighting the fire including aviation cost, Year 2010 In August 15 2010 Bolivia destructive forest fires started which force the countrys government to announce a state emergency; it was the largest fire which covers the eastern part along the countrys border with Brazil. It was very hard to control the fire because low water bombing aircraft. As a result from the fires smoke many flights and airports were close temporarily. The cost of fighting B.C. forest fires in Canada during 2010 alone is close to CA$100 million, almost twice the budgeted costs

The Duchess and the Jeweller :: Literary Analysis, Virginia Woolf

â€Å"The Duchess and the Jeweller† by Virginia Woolf is a short story about Oliver, a poor man who has become a successful jeweler, and his interaction with a Duchess. In the story, Oliver struggles with the Duchess over social power, where she has the ability to cheat him by selling him fake pearls in exchange for a weekend spent with her daughter whom he is in love with – a classic battle of the sexes. While the conflict between man and woman is evident, Virginia Woolf uses flashback, point of view and imagery to also convey the dispute between the rich and the poor. Oliver is first introduced as a man who lives very well â€Å"with the right brandies, whiskeys and liqueurs† (Woolf 90), in a house where â€Å"a more central position could not be imagined† (90). He is a man of power who has â€Å"his breakfast brought in on a try by a manservant† (90) and receives invitations from â€Å"duchesses, countesses, viscountesses and Honourable Ladies† (90). When the Duchess first arrives to see him, he has her wait for ten minutes, displaying that he, a jeweller, has the authority to make her wait. However, Woolf uses flashback to display the underlying battle of the rich and the poor. The reader sees that Oliver came from less fortunate roots where he sold stolen dogs and cheap watches. While superficially it may seem that he has the â€Å"Duchess of Lambourne, daughter of a hundred Earls† ( 93) wait because he has the masculine power to have her wait to see him, Woolf introduces the idea that Oliver, the impecun ious boy who earned his wealth, has the Duchess, a woman whose wealth was inherited, wait for his pleasure. While we see the struggle of control between Oliver and the Duchess, the reader also observes Oliver’s mother’s dominance over him. Using flashback, Woolf shows that as a child when he was swindled while selling stolen dogs, his mother disapprovingly wails, â€Å"Oh, Oliver! When will you have sense, my son?† (90). Later, Oliver talks to a picture of his mother saying, â€Å"I have won my bet† (91) while reminiscing about his past as a indigent boy â€Å"in a filthy little alley† (90) and reflecting on his success. This shows that he has something to prove to his mother, that he is still constrained by her and her thoughts of him.

Concerns about poor practice Essay

3.3.3- Evaluate ways in which concerns about poor practice can be reported whilst ensuring that whistle-blowers and those whose practice or behaviour is being questioned are protected.  Any person who wants to work with children has to go through a screening process to ensure they are suitable, and any convictions are known about. Despite these thorough checks some abuse still happens within schools by the staff. This is called institutional abuse. There is a duty for all staff to follow and comply with all policies and procedures within the school to ensure that children are not put at risk so any concerns or worries must be expressed to the designated person or the Head Teacher. If there are concerns that a colleague is abusing a child in any way, then immediate action is required. This action is the same as if the abuser was anyone else be it parent or stranger and the Child Protection Officer must be informed, or if they are thought to be responsible for the abuse then you can go straight to the County Council. Although this is a very difficult situation , the first priority is the welfare of the child. SCHOOL WHISTLE BLOWING POLICY Aim of the policy This policy sets out guidelines relating to disclosures, given by people who have reasonable concerns or misgiving about serious misconduct or malpractice within the school. Key points This policy applies to all staff, volunteers, supply staff, parents and pupils, and is intended to encourage staff to raise concerns within the school, rather than outside. All staff should understand their own responsibility to bring matters of concern about children, fellow teachers or volunteers to the attention of the Head Teacher, Governors or Hampshire County Council. The policy protects anyone who voices concerns of any of the following, from any repercussions. Conduct that is illegal or a criminal offence, physical or sexual abuse of pupils or others, contraventions of health and safety that could affect staff or members of the public, fraud or corruption or any unethical behaviour of a serious nature. Employees are  ensured an appropriate response to their disclosure and are made aware of how they can take the matter further if necessary. Confidentiality between all parties must be maintained at all times so any communication should be in writing and will be sent to the employees home address. There are some situations which must be reported to the Police. Any disclosure should be put in writing. An employee can have a second person attend any meetings, be it a friend or Union representative.  The policy gives protection to anyone who voices concerns in good faith, on discrimination, victimisation or disadvantage. Although there is no time limit in place for raising concerns , any delay could hinder an investigation and this may have child protection or serious health and safety implications.

Inspector Calls Essay

Imagine tasks – you must use language that shows the character and reflect the character’s perspective at the time. Try to pin point where in the text you are being asked to comment on. Try to explain your responses in as much detail as possible and try to comment on the effect of specific words on the reader / audience. Don’t forget to comment on stage directions, body language and reported clauses wherever possible. Timing and planning. Do both please (plan points, find quotes, consider paragraphing for all longer tasks) Summary Act 1- The Birlings have just finished a dinner celebrating Sheila’s engagement to Gerald Croft, (the son of one of Arthur Birling’s business rivals). Arthur Birling makes a speech giving his views on the world and then Gerald, Birling and Eric have a chat about current affairs. Their evening is interrupted by the Inspector, who tells them that a young woman (Eva Smith) has died at the Infirmary after swallowing disinfectant. Arthur is the first to be interrogated and he admits that he sacked Eva as punishment for he having been on strike. Arthur Birling’s ruthless business sense is clear here as he fails to see he has done anything wrong and that his sole duty is to â€Å"keep labour costs down†. The Inspector says that it is not just Arthur who is responsible for Eva and begins to interrogate Sheila  who recalls having a shop girl sacked from Milwards department store. She is horrified and embarrassed that her vanity and jealousy contributed to the girl’s death. The Inspector mentions that after this, Eva changed her name to Daisy Renton, which shocks Gerald. He admits to Sheila that he too knew the girl and she guesses that he had an affair. Act 2- Gerald explains how he came across ‘Daisy’ and helped her out, giving her money and accommodation. He had an affair with her, which he ended after the summer. Sheila gives her ring back to Gerald, but says she respects his honesty. He leaves for a walk. The Inspector then begins to question Mrs Birling, who runs the Brumley Women’s Charity Organisation for women in distress. He reminds her of a meeting she chaired two weeks previous. She recalls that she used her influence to refuse assistance to ‘Eva’, who came giving the name â€Å"Mrs Birling† and was pregnant. ‘Eva’ said that the father was from a higher class and a drinker who had offered her marriage, which she had refused, feeling him too immature. She also said that he had offered her stolen money. Mrs Birling is adamant that she did the right thing and is not responsible for Eva’s death and that the man who got her pregnant is. Sheila realises it is Eric and tries to silence her mother but it is too late. Act 3- Eric explains how he met Sheila in a bar and slept with her. He continued to sleep with her, even though he admits that he â€Å"wasn’t in love with her or anything.† He says that she refused to marry him when she found out she was pregnant and she treated him â€Å"as if (he) were a kid.† He stole money from his father’s office and when she found out, she refused to see him. Sheila tells Eric that their mother turned ‘Eva’ away and Eric accuses her of â€Å"killing them both†. The Inspector makes a speech about their shared responsibility for ‘Eva’s’ death and Arthur Birling offers â€Å"thousands† of pounds to atone for the family. The Inspector leaves. The Birlings bicker amongst themselves and Mrs Birling and Arthur begin to question whether he was a real Inspector. Gerald returns with the news that the Inspector wasn’t really an Inspector and rings the hospital that report that no girl has been admitted. Arthur is relieved that it was a â€Å"hoax† but Eric and Sheila see  that it changes nothing. The play ends with Arthur Birling answering a telephone call. It says that a girl has been rushed to hospital after swallowing disinfectant and an Inspector is coming round to talk to them. Key Quotes Setting â€Å"large suburban house†, â€Å"heavily comfortable, but not cosy or homelike† The maid is removing â€Å"champagne glasses, dessert plates† and replacing them with â€Å"decanter of port, cigar box and cigarettes† They are all dressed in â€Å"evening dress of the period† Arthur Birling â€Å"rather portentous†, â€Å"rather provincial in his speech† To Gerald: â€Å"You’re just the kind of son in law I wanted. Your father and | have been friendly rivals in business for some time..† â€Å"I’m talking as a hard headed, practical man of business. And I say there isn’t a chance of war.† On the Titanic: â€Å"absolutely unsinkable† â€Å"There’s a fair chance I might find my way onto the next Honours List.† â€Å"a man has to make his own way – has to look after himself† â€Å"The way some of these cranks talk and write now, you’d think everybody has to took after everybody else†¦. Community and all that nonsense† â€Å"I can’t accept any responsibility† â€Å"It’s my duty to keep labour costs down† On sacking Eva: â€Å"She had a lot to say – far too much – so she had to go† â€Å"If you don’t come down sharply on some of these people, they’d soon be asking for the earth† â€Å"I was quite justified† â€Å"The press might easily take it up† â€Å"Most of this is bound to come out. There will be a public scandal.† Mrs (Sybil) Birling â€Å"a rather cold woman and her husband’s social superior† â€Å"I don’t suppose for a moment we can understand why that girl committed suicide. Girls of that  class – â€Å" â€Å"I did nothing I’m ashamed of. I consider I did my duty† â€Å"I accept no blame at all† Sheila Birling â€Å"pretty†, â€Å"very pleased with life and rather excited† On getting Eva sacked: â€Å" I felt rotten about it at the time, and now I feel a lot worse† To Gerald about the Inspector: â€Å"Why – you fool – he knows. O f couse he knows. And I hate to think how much he knows that we don’t know yet.† â€Å"I know I’m to blame – and I’m desperately sorry† â€Å"We really must stop these silly pretences†. â€Å"He (the Inspector) is giving us the rope, so that we hang ourselves.† (Sarcastically, to Gerald about Eva) â€Å"You were the wonderful fairy prince. You must have adored it Gerald† On Gerald’s confession: â€Å"In some odd way, I rather respect you more than I’ve ever done before†¦.You and I aren’t the same people who sat down to dinner here.† To her father: â€Å"I remember what he said, how he looked and what it made me feel. Fire and blood and anguish. And it frightens me the way you talk and I can’t listen to any more of it.† Eric Birling â€Å"not quite at ease, half shy, half assertive† On Arthur sacking Eva â€Å"I call it tough luck† On the night he met Eva: â€Å"I’m not very clear about it, but afterwards she told me she didn’t want me to go in, but that – well, I was in that state where a chap easily turns nasty – and I threatened to make a row.† â€Å"I wasn’t in love with her or anything. But she was pretty, and a good sport.† â€Å"I hate these fat old tarts I see around the town. The ones I see your (Birling’s) respectable friends with.† â€Å"In a way, she treated me like a kid.† (To Birling): â€Å"You’re not the kind of father a chap could go to when he’s in trouble.† Gerald Croft â€Å"attractive†, â€Å"rather too manly to be a dandy but very much the easy, well bred young man-about-town† (On Eva) â€Å"She was pretty and warm hearted – and  intensely grateful† Inspector Goole â€Å"creates at once an impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness† â€Å"speaks carefully, weightily and looks hard at the person he addresses before actually speaking† â€Å"What happened to her then may have determined what happened to her afterwards, and what happened to her afterwards may have driven her to suicide. A chain of events.† Looking at the dead body: â€Å"A nice promising life there, I thought, and a nasty mess somebody’s made of it† â€Å"One line of enquiry at a time† (Gerald: â€Å"we’re respectable citizens, not criminals† Inspector: â€Å"Sometimes there isn’t as much difference as you think. Often ,if it was left to me, I wouldn’t know where to draw the line.† â€Å"You see, we have to share something. And if there’s nothing else, we have to share our guilt.† â€Å"Public men, Mr Birling, have responsibilities as well as privileges.† â€Å"this girl killed herself, and died a horrible death. But each of you helped kill her. Remember that. Never forget it.† â€Å"But remember this. One Eva Smith has gone – but there are millions and millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left with us, with their lives, their hopes and fears, their suffering and chance of happiness, all entwined with our lives. We don’t live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. And I tell you that the time will soon come when, if men will not learn, then they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish.† Background / Cultural Context John Priestley was born in Bradford born in 1894 and died in 1984. He served as a soldier in WW1 and was a socialist – he believed that the British ‘community’ (people living together) should not be dominated by the rich and powerful (capitalists) Priestley wanted the poor to have a stronger place within the community The play is set before the war. Themes Social responsibility / community / accountability Family / Deception (lies) / Guilt / Abuse of power / Rich vs poor Responsibility Sin and morality Possible questions / Revision tasks 1What impression of the Birling family does the writer want the audience to have in the opening scene? 2 â€Å"We don’t live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other.† In Act 1, how does the writer try to get this message across to the audience? 3. How is the theme of social awareness explored through different characters? 4. How does Sheila’s reaction to key events create tension in the play? 5. To what extent do you feel sympathy towards Mrs Birling? 6. To what extent do you feel sympathy for Eric? 7. What do you think is the importance of Eva Smith to the play as a whole? 8. You are Inspector Goole before your visit to the Birlings. You write in your notebook: what you plan to do during the visit; why you are doing it; and what you expect to happen. 9. How does the presentation of Arthur Birling, before the arrival of the Inspector, add to the dramatic impact of the whole play? 10. You are Sheila and you have kept a diary. Write two of the entries – one  for the day when you got Eva Smith sacked from Milwards, and one for the night on which the play takes place. 11. What changes occur in the relationship between Sheila and Gerald? 12. Describe the way in which the Birling family begin to believe that the Inspector is not a genuine policeman. 13. The action of the play takes place on just one evening, and in just one room of the Birling house. What do you think the play gains, or loses, as a result? 14. Explore the theme of deception in the play? 15. How is the idea of sin explored in the play? 16. Is An inspector Calls a play about morality? 17. ‘In the play, it becomes clear that the responsibility is shared amongst the characters.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 18. â€Å"By the end of the play, lessons have been learnt.† Explore this statement in regards to the play. 19. Discuss the role of Inspector Goole in the play. 20. â€Å"The responsibility lies with the older generation.† Discuss.

Labor Economics Child Labor

Labor Economics Child Labor The labor market today has obtained a flow of issues that have brought change in the economic sector. These changes have been caused by several factors, which include globalization and the economy itself. Among the issues which are currently observed in the labor market, child labor has been a major challenge faced by the world at large. It has been a major concern in the global issues of economics although it is viewed to be more experienced in regions like Africa and Asia.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Economics: Child Labor specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper discusses the reasons of why Child labor is practiced, as well as the assumptions about its practicing in some regions more often than in others in the modern world. In the Cornell Daily Sun article of December 2004, one can find lots of useful information about why, how and where the child labor is practiced based on the research done by Prof essor Nancy Chau of the Cornell Institute for Public Affairs. Labor has been conclusively defined as work or activities that deny the child an opportunity to be in school as well as an opportunity to be a child in terms of behavioral activities such as playing, interaction or learning (Oran 46). Professor Chau’s definition can be backed up by Eric Edmonds view on the subject. However, he adds that normal domestic chores can be calculated into child labor if the child does not get enough time to study (Edmonds 23) Professor Chau’s claim on child labor and its causes is that it is not only that the child labor cases are caused by poverty. It is for sure a major factor but, there are indeed other crucial factors that add up to the main one. According to Professor Chau’s claim, the regions’ Gross Domestic Product may be the cause of the problematic practice. It is claimed that regions of low GPDs are affected by child labor practice (Oran 32). In another obse rvation, Chau believes that the practice may be developed by the myth that children’s’ way of doing things better than adults would make them the appropriate substitute in the labor market. In her research it is evident that, in a country like Paraguay, a child makes about a quarter of what the rest of the whole family make. These assumptions lead to the fact that adults ignore the fact that a child needs education. Instead, the parents value the idea of bringing more children rather than bringing up educated children. Having observed the areas mostly stricken by child labor and various factors that cause the problem, Professor Chau suggests some solutions to the problem. She gives a very good example of Brazil’s plan to pay adults for keeping their children in school (Oran 5) .This seems to be a valid and very reasonable solution that would help to deal with the problem in our society.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I would definitely agree wit her, although in my opinion, this would be a solution for only the countries which are able to budget compensation for child education. What about the countries practicing Child labor due to poverty that cannot afford compensation for child Education? Child labor takes out the dignity and the rights of our children. Including children as laborers, often in dangerous working conditions, should be discouraged at all cost. Edmonds, Eric. Child labor. The national bureau of economics research, 2007. Oran, Olivia. Issues Around Child Labor. Cornell Publishers. 2008.

The Effectiveness of Motivation Theory Essay Example

The Effectiveness of Motivation Theory Essay Example The Effectiveness of Motivation Theory Essay The Effectiveness of Motivation Theory Essay Running head: Motivation Theories: A Literature Review Motivation Theories: A Literature Review - Motivation Theories: A Literature Review Motivation is an important concept for managers to understand. Motivation affects direction, intensity and duration (Locke Gary, 2004). High task motivation has been found to correlate with high firm growth (Miner, Smith, et. al. , 1989). Berman and Miner (1985) studied CEOs, COOs, executive VPs and group VPs and found that those â€Å"who reached the highest levels of large business firms [had] higher motivation to manage than individuals with less achievement† (377-391). There are many things that affect motivation, such as personal preferences, job satisfaction and organizational factors (Wherry South, 1977). According to Locke and Gary (2004), most people are in situations; particularly work related ones, due to their own personal choices. Latham and Pinder (2005) found that â€Å"goal-setting, social cognitive and organization justice theories are the three most important approaches to work motivation to appear in the last 30 years† (485). Self-efficacy significantly impacts motivation. Lindner (1998) also supports this. Wabba (1974) discusses behavioral choices and motivation. Personal faith also plays a role in motivation. I Corinthians 10:31 states, â€Å"Whether, then, you eat or drink or whatever you do, do all to the glory of God† (NASB). The Bible consistently gives examples of those motivated by their belief and faith in God. When Peter and the disciples were threatened with imprisonment for spreading the gospel, Peter responded with â€Å"we must obey God rather than men† (Acts 5:29, NASB). Their desire to follow God overshadowed concern for physical or earthly consequences. Dysfunctional thinking also can affect motivation (Locke Gary, 2004). Dysfunctional thinking is basically irrational overgeneralizations and it comes from automatic thoughts. Locke and Gary (2004) also suggest that managers learn how to help employees copy with these automatic thoughts in order to identify the irrational nature of their thoughts so they can process them in a way that is productive and provides greater motivation. Gee and Burke (2001) found that the hope for financial gain as a sole motivator is an outdated idea and not nearly as effective as once thought. There are various motivation theories and some recent changes in motivation trends. Gee and Burke (2001) refer to â€Å"human potential management† as opposed to â€Å"human resource management. This seemingly small change in vernacular reflects changing attitudes. Wood (2000) recommends taking into account social identify theory, motivational traits, procrastination and lateness, proactive role orientations and person-environment fit when evaluating theories. Dye, Mills and Weatherbee (2005) believe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs has been oversimplified to fit the convenienc e of motivational textbooks and in this oversimplication, the point of Maslow’s theories has been missed. They caution against using the hierarchy of needs chart without the complete context. There are some effective best practices that can be derived from motivation theories. Gee and Burke (2001) found that self-managed teams and telecommuting both increased employee motivation. Tai (2006) and Huang (2001) both found positive correlations between effective training programs and employee motivation. Chapman (2008) discusses the role of team-building activities, workshops, inspirational quotes and positive experiences in building employee motivation. Sodenkamp (2005) found that pay-for-performance systems on employee work groups increased motivation as well. The ACCEL-Team’s (2008) findings support this as well. Fitzgerald (1971) cautions against using irrelevant solutions to try motivate employees without first ensuring the solid foundation of the work system itself. Managerial attitudes and actions also have an impact on motivation. Daniel Goleman gives six distinct leadership styles, â€Å"coercive leaders demand immediate compliance. Authoritative leaders mobilize people toward a vision. Affiliative leaders create emotional bonds. Democratic leaders build consensus. Pacesetting leaders set high standards and expect excellence. Coaching leaders develop people† (Longenecker, Moore, Petty Palich, 2008, p. 474-475). Forsyth (2006) called leadership â€Å"the process by which an individual guides others in their pursuits, often by organizing, directing, coordinating, supporting and motivating their efforts† (p. 376). Invang (2008) the guide to his group members. â€Å"A manager who listens encourages employee growth and career development† (Burley-Allen, 1995, p. 9). Anthony (1989) discusses motivation by example and through involvement and interactions with employees. Wolleat (2007) reviewed Gary Latham’s book, Work Motivation: History, Theory, Research, and Practice and acknowledged its use in presenting motivation theories but Locke and Gary (2004) found that motivation theories do not compete with each other as much as they show different aspects of motivation. The goal of managers, therefore, should not be so much to evaluate motivation theories to select the superior theory; rather the goal of managers should be to use characteristics of different motivation theories to effectively motivate employees. References ACCEL-Team. (2008). Employee Motivation, the Organizational Environment and Productivity. Al-Khalifa, A. , Peterson, S. E. (2004). On the relationship between initial motivation, and satisfaction and performance in joint ventures. European Journal of Marketing, 38(1/2), 150-174. Anthony, J. H. (1989). Therapeutic Leadership. Leadership Abstracts, 2 (13). Berman, F. E. and J. B. Miner (1985). Motivation to manage at the top e xecutive level: A test of the hierarchic role-motivation theory. Personnel Psychology 38(2): 377-391. Burley-Allen, M. (1995). Listening the Forgotten Skill: A Self-Teaching Guide. 2nd Ed. , Canada, John Wiley Sons, Inc. Chapman, A. (1995-2008). Employee motivation theory team building activities, workshops, inspirational quotes, and the power of positive experience. Densten, I. L. (2002). Clarifying inspirational motivation and its relationship to extra effort. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 23(1), 40-44. Dye, K. , Mills, A. J. , Weatherbee, T. (2005). Maslow: man interrupted: reading management theory in context. Management Decision, 43. Fitzgerald, T. H. (1971). Why motivation theory doesnt work. Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business School Publication Corp. 49: 37-44. Forsyth, D. R. (2006). Group Dynamics. 4th Ed. , Mason, OH: Thomson Higher Education. Gee, C. Burke, M. E. (2001). Realizing potential: the new motivation game. Management Decision, 39. Huang, T. C. (2001). Training practices and organization performance in enterprises. Education and Training, 43(8/9), 434-444. Inyang, J. D. (2008, January). Leaders and Leadership Roles in Relation to Effective Management of the Human Resources, 6 (1). Latham, G. P. and C. C. Pinder (2005). Work motivation theory and research at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Annual Review Of Psychology 56: 485-516. Lemak, D. J. (2004). Leading students through the management theory jungle by following the path of the seminal theorists: A paradigmatic approach. Management Decision, 42. Lindner, J. R. (1998, June). Understanding Employee Motivation. Locke, E. A. Gary, P. (2004). What should we do about motivation theory? Six recommendations for the twenty-first century. Academy of Management Review, 29. Longenecker, J. G. , Moore, C. W. , Petty, J. W. , Palich, L. E. (2008). Small Business Management: Launching Growing Entrepreneurial Ventures. Mason, OH: Thomason Higher Education. Miner, J. B. , N. R. Smith, et al. (1989). Role of entrepreneurial task motivation in the growth of technologically innovative firms. Journal of Applied Psychology 74(4): 554-560. Sodenkamp, D. , Schmidt, K. , Kleinbeck, U. (2005). Self-management of work groups through corporate values: From theory to practice. International Journal of Manpower, 26(1/2), 67-79. Tai, W. (2006). Effects of training framing, general self-efficacy and training motivation on trainees training effectiveness. Personnel Review, 35(1), 51-65. Wabba, M. A. , House, R. J. (1974). Expectancy Theory in Work and Motivation: Some Logical and Methodological Issues. Human Relations, 27 (2), 121-147. Wherry, R. J. and J. C. South (1977). A worker motivation scale. Personnel Psychology 30(4): 613-636. Wolleat, P. L. (2007). An Insiders View of Work Motivation: A Mentor Speaks. PsycCRITIQUES 52(17). Wood, R. E. (2000). Work Motivation Theory, Research and Practice: Introduction to the Special Issue. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49.

Bacterial Growth Requirements

Microorganisms can survive where most cannot due to their size, nutritional needs, energy requirements, and are very good at adapting to different environments (Black 2008). Microorganisms require two things to live a long healthy life, and these are physical and nutritional factors. Physical factors include pH, temperature, oxygen concentration, moisture, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and radiation (Black 2008). Nutritional factors include carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, trace elements, and sometimes vitamins (Black 2008). For the purpose of this exercise I will focus on E. coli. Pathogenic Escherichia coli will be discussed since it is a common, but dangerous bacterium. E. coli in humans is found in the intestines. This bacterium is very durable, meaning that it is well-adapted to its habitat. For example, it can grow with glucose being the only food source. This bacterium can also grow with or without O2. If located in anaerobic habitat it can it will use the fermentation process producing mixed acids and gases (Todar 2012). This bacterium has shown that it can also use anaerobic respiration when NO3 or NO2 is available. Chemicals, pH, temperature, are a few signals that determines how E. coli will respond (Todar 2012). When it senses a change in the environment it can swim toward or away from anything useful or harmful. Temperature can also affect E. coli. A change in temperature allows E. coli to change pore diameter of its outer membrane to accommodate certain nutrients, or to exclude something harmful. E. coli also rations its nutrient supply by taking in account how much is available in its environment. This means that it will not take in nutrients unless it has enough to feed more bacteria that will be produced (Todar 2012). As you can see, this amazing microbe has the ability to adapt to its environment and in some case overcome. Imagine the microbes that are out there that has not be identified yet. Reference Black, J. (2008). Microbiology principals and explorations. (7th Edition ed. ). Jefferson City: GGS Book Services. Todar, K. (2012). Todars online textbook of bacteriology. Retrieved from http://www. textbookofbacteriology. net/e. coli. html Bacterial Growth Requirements Microorganisms can survive where most cannot due to their size, nutritional needs, energy requirements, and are very good at adapting to different environments (Black 2008). Microorganisms require two things to live a long healthy life, and these are physical and nutritional factors. Physical factors include pH, temperature, oxygen concentration, moisture, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and radiation (Black 2008). Nutritional factors include carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, trace elements, and sometimes vitamins (Black 2008). For the purpose of this exercise I will focus on E. coli. Pathogenic Escherichia coli will be discussed since it is a common, but dangerous bacterium. E. coli in humans is found in the intestines. This bacterium is very durable, meaning that it is well-adapted to its habitat. For example, it can grow with glucose being the only food source. This bacterium can also grow with or without O2. If located in anaerobic habitat it can it will use the fermentation process producing mixed acids and gases (Todar 2012). This bacterium has shown that it can also use anaerobic respiration when NO3 or NO2 is available. Chemicals, pH, temperature, are a few signals that determines how E. coli will respond (Todar 2012). When it senses a change in the environment it can swim toward or away from anything useful or harmful. Temperature can also affect E. coli. A change in temperature allows E. coli to change pore diameter of its outer membrane to accommodate certain nutrients, or to exclude something harmful. E. coli also rations its nutrient supply by taking in account how much is available in its environment. This means that it will not take in nutrients unless it has enough to feed more bacteria that will be produced (Todar 2012). As you can see, this amazing microbe has the ability to adapt to its environment and in some case overcome. Imagine the microbes that are out there that has not be identified yet. Reference Black, J. (2008). Microbiology principals and explorations. (7th Edition ed. ). Jefferson City: GGS Book Services. Todar, K. (2012). Todars online textbook of bacteriology. Retrieved from http://www. textbookofbacteriology. net/e. coli. html Bacterial Growth Requirements The nutritional requirements of a bacterium such as E Coli are revealed by the cell’s elemental composition. These elements are found in the form of water, inorganic ions, small molecules and macromolecules which serve either a structural or functional role in the cells. Bacteria thrive by four things oxygen, food (nutrients), warmth and time but two others can be moisture and acidity. Nutrients are needed for energy, nitrogen (for DNA and proteins), phosphorus (for energy), and others. Warmth is needed so the bacteria can stay warm. Oxygen is needed so the bacteria can make energy and time is needed for the bacteria to complete binary fission over and over again. Acidity is needed so the bacteria can survive in its environment. Highly base or acidic environments may harm the bacteria and hinder its lifespan. In order to survive and grow, microorganisms require a source of energy and nourishment. Bacteria are the most primitive forms of microorganisms but are composed of a great variety of simple and complex molecules and are able to carry out a wide range of chemical transformations. Depending on their requirements and the source of energy used they are classified into different nutritional groups. Most microorganisms grow well at the normal temperatures favored by man, higher plants and animals. Certain bacteria grow at temperatures (extreme heat or cold) at which few higher organisms can survive. Most bacteria grow best in an environment with a narrow pH range near neutrality between pH 6. 5 and 7. 5. Microbes contain approximately 80-90% water and I f placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration will lose water which causes shrinkage of the cell. Some bacteria have adapted so well to high salt concentrations that they actually require them for growth. Nitrogen and phosphorus are particularly critical because they often control the rates of photosynthesis. Carbon is significantly more abundant than either of them and oxygen and sulfur are more abundant that phosphorous. Nitrogen and phosphorous are less available to plants relative to their growth requirements than are other elements. Phosphorus is often in short supply and limits plant and algae growth. Nitrogen is a major constituent of all proteins and of all living organisms. A lack of nitrogen can limit growth of plants, since nearly three quarters of its atmosphere consists of natural gas, N2. REFERENCES A New Way to Look at Microorganisms. (n. d). American Scientist, 93(6), 514. Bacterial Growth Requirements The nutritional requirements of a bacterium such as E Coli are revealed by the cell’s elemental composition. These elements are found in the form of water, inorganic ions, small molecules and macromolecules which serve either a structural or functional role in the cells. Bacteria thrive by four things oxygen, food (nutrients), warmth and time but two others can be moisture and acidity. Nutrients are needed for energy, nitrogen (for DNA and proteins), phosphorus (for energy), and others. Warmth is needed so the bacteria can stay warm. Oxygen is needed so the bacteria can make energy and time is needed for the bacteria to complete binary fission over and over again. Acidity is needed so the bacteria can survive in its environment. Highly base or acidic environments may harm the bacteria and hinder its lifespan. In order to survive and grow, microorganisms require a source of energy and nourishment. Bacteria are the most primitive forms of microorganisms but are composed of a great variety of simple and complex molecules and are able to carry out a wide range of chemical transformations. Depending on their requirements and the source of energy used they are classified into different nutritional groups. Most microorganisms grow well at the normal temperatures favored by man, higher plants and animals. Certain bacteria grow at temperatures (extreme heat or cold) at which few higher organisms can survive. Most bacteria grow best in an environment with a narrow pH range near neutrality between pH 6. 5 and 7. 5. Microbes contain approximately 80-90% water and I f placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration will lose water which causes shrinkage of the cell. Some bacteria have adapted so well to high salt concentrations that they actually require them for growth. Nitrogen and phosphorus are particularly critical because they often control the rates of photosynthesis. Carbon is significantly more abundant than either of them and oxygen and sulfur are more abundant that phosphorous. Nitrogen and phosphorous are less available to plants relative to their growth requirements than are other elements. Phosphorus is often in short supply and limits plant and algae growth. Nitrogen is a major constituent of all proteins and of all living organisms. A lack of nitrogen can limit growth of plants, since nearly three quarters of its atmosphere consists of natural gas, N2. REFERENCES A New Way to Look at Microorganisms. (n. d). American Scientist, 93(6), 514.

Management Assignment Individual Report Research Paper

Management Assignment Individual Report - Research Paper Example The top government post such has ministries has been dominated by top military leaders. The military junta has been overseeing and controlling every aspect of the country ranging from the natural resources to economic affairs of the country. A former military general and Prime minister in the previous regime Mr Thein Sein was elected as the President of Myanmar4. However since President Thein Sein assumed office there is hope though minimal that the country is abandoning its dark past years of paranoid authoritarianism and poor economic management that has plunged the country into a den of poverty. Myanmar has been governed in secluded political environment5. President Thein Sein has showed interest in reviving the country’s economy and moving away from erratic political leadership whereby he freed a large number of political prisoners and also decentralised various sectors of the economy which has been under state control for the past 50 decades6. Myanmar has no stable judiciary system presently and therefore earning fair ruling and justice in the court systems of Myanmar is a toll order. The country has no stable regulatory framework considering that most of the laws and regulations were inherited from the former colonial master-British and no significant changes has been made to amend the laws despite the changes in the economic environment7. In relation to investment a few amendments have been made to bring sanity into the business environment. However bribery and corruption is the order of the day as there are no effective laws to curb such unethical business practice. The long decades of military junta rule characterised by economic mismanagement and lack of comprehensive labour laws has seen Myanmar workers subjected to harsh working conditions, forced labour, poor remuneration and as well as child labour8. Since President Thein Sein took power he has managed to decentralise the long-time held

Free writing journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Free writing journal - Essay Example He was rich. He had a great a education. From the description of the speaker, we can assume that Richard Cory was also a very popular man who knew how to fairly treat people. Richard Cory was our dream. The characteristics that were presented in the poem indicates that there is much more than what we see from people we encounter everyday. We may not know it but our tough boss or our friendly traffic cop could have had a very bad childhood experience that tainted their view of the world as they were growing up. We would only see the outward appearance of the person and what they would like to portray. This shows that we all have masks, just like Richard Cory. That is why everyone was surprised when he committed suicide. We have different experiences, expectations and perspectives about our lives. But what is common between each one of us is the need for us to keep some things private. We choose what who we are in the eyes of other people. That is exactly the reason we should not judge anyone. And we should not assume that someone is happy or sad just because of what they are showing you. It’s just sad that we make the same mistake over and over. We never learn. Barbie Doll by Marge Piercy is about a girl who struggled to meet the social expectations of beauty. She was so obsessed with the idea of being beautiful that she was willing to sacrifice her own life just to achieve it. We are born with our natural beauty. But as we grow older, we are faced with the different expectations of beauty. Some societies see beauty as fair or white skin, high cheekbones and pointed nose. A slim figure is also another expectation of beauty. When you are heavy or fat or dark skinned or with thick curly hair, you are not a part of the beautiful circle in the society. Since we come from different societies, we have different expectations. It is a sad thing, though, to find a society that puts great bearing on the physical appearance of girls.

Assessing the interest and motives of tourists towards Langkawi Island Literature review

Assessing the interest and motives of tourists towards Langkawi Island - Literature review Example Indeed, travel behaviors define whether tourists choose to visit a destination as a motivational aspect. Travel behaviour defines how tourists behave according to their attitudes before, during, and after traveling (Vuuren, Slabbert, 2011). In assessing the interest and motives of tourists towards Langkawi, we can consider the aspect of responsible tourism in the Island to establish tourists’ perceived expectations of the destination. In this context, responsible tourism seeks to offer quality travel experience to tourists, which conserve nature. In a study that sought to support responsible tourism and assess tourists’ interest and motives in Langkawi, the researchers used a random sample of tourists that included both Malaysians and non- Malaysians (Nair and Azmi 2008, p. 29). The study concentrated on the tourist’s perception of responsible tourism and tourist attractions in Langkawi. According to the study, most tourists visiting Langkawi know and pursue their interests and motives that relate to responsible tourism (Nair and Azmi 2008, p. 31). Apparently, all tourists have interests in destinations that manifest appealing environmental, economic, and sociocultural factors that define responsib le tourism. Notably, tourists visiting Langkawi have interest and motives in historical places like the Langkawi Cultural Village (Nair and Azmi 2008, p. 35). Moreover, they have interest and motives in the hospitable reception and friendliness exhibited by the people of Malaysia. The resounding duty-free shopping status experienced by the tourists defines their interest and motives of visiting this destination. The study establishes that both the Malaysian and non-Malaysian tourists depict immense interest in the relaxation derived from visiting Langkawi (Nair and Azmi 2008, p. 36). Indeed, most tourists come to Langkawi as a break from their normal duties and hence their interests and motives

20th Century American Liberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

20th Century American Liberalism - Essay Example However, these ideas were challenged, asserted or weakened by the modern philosophers such as David Ricci and Will Kymlyika as they introduced new thoughts and beliefs with regards individualism, behaviorism and equality in the field of political philosophy.David Ricci, a leading philosopher in the previous century, argued that many political scientists have produced a plethora of literature only to improve their possibilities of tenure and thus, sacrificed rationality in their search of novelty which can give a scholar quick fame and prove her worth in her field. Ricci also argued in his essay Behavioral Persuasion that the rise of behavioral science brought about the decline of political philosophy (Ricci 150). He also contends that the quantity of work on the field of behavioral science has not produced real breakthroughs and that the behavioral scientists failed to see how systems in politics function. This, according to Ricci, resulted to the field's ethical shortcomings as expe rts in this area studied pseudo-politics and not real politics nor moral agendas applied to the field of politics.... This clearly means that if there is a conflict between individual and collective rights, individual rights should prevail (Kymlicka 122) . Although Kymlica's contentions have their precedence in the works of Rawls especially the pairs of moral principles Rawls suggested in his works, their ideas on individualism do not take parallel paths. In Rawls lecture titled Powers of Citizens and Their Representation, Rawls argued that democratic institutions usually lead to pluralism as our differences and diversity, groupings and ethnic variety often results to divergence in opinions (Rawls 47-88). He added that citizens will mostly disagree on their ideas with regards moral and political question but this pluralism is 'reasonable' in modern society. However, Kymlicka clearly argued that in the conflict of individual and 'plural' rights, the rights of an individual should prevail. This does not mean, nevertheless, that Rawls does not advocate respect of an individual opinion. As a matter of fact, Rawls contends that it is unreasonable to unwillingly acknowledge the claims of others (Rawls 51). For Rawls, disparate philosophies are results of freedom and this should be viewed positively as this lead to a diversity of 'comprehensive philosophical and religious doctrines about the nature of the good or ultimate value'. If this difference leads to arguments, Rawls suggest that these altercations should be viewed favorably as it is always difficult to reach a consensus (Rawls 56-57). On the topic of moral psychology, we will find that Ricci and Rawls have totally disparate assertion. While Ricci 'blames' behaviorism on what he claims as the culprit for

Federal Express Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Federal Express - Case Study Example The firm has often come up with performance standard programs, which help the staff meet certain performance targets and retain its position in the field. "As a multi-national, ensuring consistent performance standards and corporate values throughout its employees in every country of operation is fundamental to maintaining and growing its global status." (Case Study) Over the decades, FedEx has faced fluctuating employee turnover rate. This has been due to the very demanding nature of work at FedEx and turnover rate is highest among courier, customer representatives and line managers. (Case Study) This explains who are assigned the toughest responsibilities. FedEx appreciates the efforts made by each person and rewards them appropriately but its performance setting programs have come under attack. We need to understand that delivering packages and documents on time is not an easy task. There are several unseen contingencies that can emerge such as weather conditions, road accidents, traffic jams and flight delays. In order to make sure that each and every packet is delivered on time, FedEx has to recruit people who are self-motivated, active, and young. But this age factor has caused trouble for FedEx. The firm that enjoys an important place in the corporate world cannot help discriminating on age since the nature of th

Each student will provide the class with an overview of the marketing Term Paper

Each student will provide the class with an overview of the marketing strategies used by two companies competing for the same cu - Term Paper Example P&G’s marketing strategy is to develop distribution channels at the local level, and has correspondingly organized its market development units according to its regional markets. It also aims to develop new product brands and enhance its current brand portfolio. Its core competencies include innovation, brand-building, go-to-market capabilities, scale, and consumer understanding. Among the company’s strengths are its strong R&D focus, market leadership, product portfolio diversification, and strong cash position. However, it has experienced increasing incidences of product recalls, high product prices that have caused a decline in sales volume, and a loss in market share. The company expects to recover, however, by widening its customer base and increasing its worldwide market share by advancing more aggressively into emerging markets. It will realize this goal through three initiatives, namely integration, simplification, and digitization. Eventually, it expects to res ume its former positive market growth. Unilever is a global leader in the manufacture and distribution of fast moving consumer goods. Its portfolio includes some of the best known brands in the world, in foods, home care, and personal care. The company’s forerunner was founded in the late 19th century by William Hesketh Lever, but assumed the name Unilever in 1930 when it merged with other consumer goods companies that had likewise been in existence before the turn of the century. It turned global in the sixties, and attained market leadership in the eighties which it maintains to the present. The firm has manufacturing facilities worldwide, and serves a broad cross-section of the market since its products target customers of all walks of life. Among its core competencies are the ability to conceptualize products, its global logistics network, its scientific research in nutrition, and the ability to communicate and influence public behaviour. Its strengths include a strong br and portfolio, diversified revenue streams, and strong focus on R&D and sustainability. It has a problem, however, in maintaining its sales and profitability performance which have constantly declined in the three years covering 2007 to 2009, indicating that it has a particular vulnerability to the current economic recession. This is attributed to intense competition, rising inflation and reduced consumer demand. The company foresees opportunities for growth in emerging markets and chances to enhance its product portfolio by making some select acquisitions. The firm intends to divest some of its non-core business activities and concentrate on its principal product lines. In the immediate future, it aims to double the size of its business while reducing its impact on the

Federal Express Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Federal Express - Case Study Example The firm has often come up with performance standard programs, which help the staff meet certain performance targets and retain its position in the field. "As a multi-national, ensuring consistent performance standards and corporate values throughout its employees in every country of operation is fundamental to maintaining and growing its global status." (Case Study) Over the decades, FedEx has faced fluctuating employee turnover rate. This has been due to the very demanding nature of work at FedEx and turnover rate is highest among courier, customer representatives and line managers. (Case Study) This explains who are assigned the toughest responsibilities. FedEx appreciates the efforts made by each person and rewards them appropriately but its performance setting programs have come under attack. We need to understand that delivering packages and documents on time is not an easy task. There are several unseen contingencies that can emerge such as weather conditions, road accidents, traffic jams and flight delays. In order to make sure that each and every packet is delivered on time, FedEx has to recruit people who are self-motivated, active, and young. But this age factor has caused trouble for FedEx. The firm that enjoys an important place in the corporate world cannot help discriminating on age since the nature of th

Multi- Professional and Multi- agency working Essay Example for Free

Multi- Professional and Multi- agency working Essay â€Å"Multi-agency working brings together practitioners from different sectors and professions to provide an integrated way of working to support children, young people and families. † (DfES, 2001) In this essay my aim is to demonstrate an understanding of the collaborative skills required for effective multi professional practice. I will include feedback following a group presentation that I took part in and give my personal reflections of the process. I will then identify the issues and barriers in effecting multi professional practice linking to theory and legislation in Special Educational Needs (SEN) The Every Child Matters, (2004) agenda promotes effective multi- agency working and sharing of information between agencies, and Lord Laming stated that â€Å"effective support for children and families cannot be achieved by a single agency acting alone. It depends on a number of agencies working well together. † Multi- agency working is the involvement of more than one agency, and a team may consist of practitioners from several professional backgrounds who have different areas of expertise. Some of the practitioners may include health, education and social services. Some of these practitioners and professionals are involved in a child’s life are usually at least the child’s parents and the class teacher. This could then expand out to involve a speech therapist, a doctor, a social worker, a nurse and/or a psychologist. All of these people have an interest in helping to support the child and therefore all need to collaborate together for the benefit of the individual children. Speech and language therapists (SLT) are usually provided by the health services and provide formal assessment for pupils experiencing language and communication difficulties. They implement language and communication programmes with individuals and groups. They offer advice and support and assist with target setting and strategies According to Tassoni, (2003, p79) â€Å"the type of support that a child receives will depend on his or her need, but usually exercises and strategies are shared with everyone involved in the child’s care and education, especially parents† In my current role as a Speech and language therapy Assistant, (SLTA) I regularly liaise with the SLT and help to set some of the ndividual targets and provide appropriate resources to help the children to achieve their targets as well as implement programs set. As part of my role of a SLTA I work as part of a communication and learning team and have worked alongside many multi professionals, class teachers, learning support assistants, (LSA) in the school and a social worker. In the office in which I am based, each team member has their own individual skills and expertise that create a multi-skilled approach to support other team members, members of staff, students, parents and other professionals. The team consists of Teachers and Specialist Support Staff skilled in specific areas, SLT, an Occupational Therapists (OT) Early Years support worker and a Parent Support Advisor. As highlighted by the College of Occupational Therapists, (2011) Collaborative working within a multi-professional team can be the â€Å"most effective and efficient way to combine the skills of many professionals for the benefit of service users. †

Differences of Opinion in End of Life Care

Differences of Opinion in End of Life Care Introduction The case study relates to an expected death of one of the residents who lived in a care home that provides nursing care and support for older people with many various conditions. Mr. X became frail after a couple of months of admission to the settlement. Lastly he was treated by antibiotics for various infections, mainly chest and urine (four times within a short period of time 8-9 weeks). Regrettably his body appeared not to respond to the treatment used. He was losing the ability to decide about himself gradually. Due to Mr X’s limited mental capacity one of his sons had power of attorney (POA) in order to make complex decisions related to his father care. Adult with incapacity (AWI) certificate was in place. Suddenly Mr X’s condition deteriorated rapidly and actions were required in relation his end of life care. POA holder wished Mr. X to be transferred to the hospital for further, invasive treatments. However staff members were of the opinion that according to Mr X’s wishes he would prefer to be cared for within his present settlement. Assessment The issue in this situation was: differences in family and staff views at what the patient stated he would want to have and by whom he would want to be cared for at the end of his life. The identified problem was the risk of abuse of the patient’s autonomy. Although the son had good intentions to prolong Mr. X’s life because he was anxious and did not know how to approach the decision making, staff felt that Mr. X was becoming more ‘an object’ and not a person. According to Department of Health (DH) abuse can have unintentional complexities stemming from relationships of individuals involved (DH, 2000). The team lead by myself had to face a difficult and complex task of being ‘the advocate’ (Hurst et al., 2008) of Mr. X and brief the son about his fathers’ wishes. Under Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act (2003) Mr X have chosen his son, to have power of attorney (POA) to make decisions about his health on his behalf, but he also specified in advance that he does not want to be transferred to hospital at last stages of his life. The NHS (NHS Choices, 2015) state that one cannot override this decision unless the POA specifies that the acting on behalf has the power to do so which was not the case We had to find a way to explain in a tactful manner that the approach to care will be palliative with rather sad prognosis trying to remove some of the stress from the difficult situation. At the same time documentation had to be looked through accurately; checked and analyzed and completed to have new care plans related to Mr. X final life stages in place. This was to ensure accountability and demonstrate how decisions related to Mr.X’s care were made (The Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2010). As trained staff, leading the unit and being directly involved in Mr.X’s care I was responsible for passing reliable and factual information assuring the best outcome for him but also for coordinating the team and communicating with the family. Bass (2008) recommends democratic approach that allows the leader balancing the decision-making stage by encouraging participation; by being consultative, consensual and concerned with people. Foster (2002) claims that the best way to manage challenging situations is to estimate what needs to be done, how and by whom it needs to be done . Mr.’s X’s condition deteriorated very rapidly and because the event was taking place within ‘doctors out of hours’ advice have been sought trough NHS 24 phone line with the resonance of a doctor’s visit. This was done to seek an opinion and to discuss the best treatment available for my patient which involved pain relief and comfort making as well as to assure the son that all available resources have been used to provide best possible care for Mr X. Seeking advice and asking the doctor to explain to the POA holder, why staying within the settlement would be better for Mr. X related to Bateman’s (2000) view of collective decisions making when acting on someone’s behalf. A member of staff, known to have very good relationship with the son was appointed to have an initial chat with him whilst Mr. X has been seen by the doctor. Palliative Care Guidelines (2013) suggest appointing a person who knows the patient well that is able to affirm life and regard dying as a normal process of life when communicating with the family. Delegating the right person for the right role is also urged by Stranberg (2015) who explains that it frees the leader up to tackle other important aspects of the mission. Motacki and Bruke (2010) add that delegating increases confidence and morale of subordinates and this way improves quality of care that they deliver. However, irrespective of the advantages of the democratic approach, there was little visible effectiveness in terms of Mr X’s deteriorating condition. Kane and Patapan (2012) claim that one of the disadvantages of the democratic approach is that it takes a lot of time. Mr.X’s situation required a less time consuming approach. Sadler (2003) argues that when decisions need to be made quickly authoritative and autocratic styles are the most effective. They allow strict but clear directions (autocratic) and assure credibility (authoritative). Whilst one of the delegated team members was talking to Mr. X’s son, the most appropriate treatment for Mr X was discussed between me and the doctor; the prognosis for Mr X were, alas, maximum a couple of days. Although the role of a nurse in a care home evolved over the last years there is a negative stereotype in the public related to care in nursing homes and many nurses find it hard to match the social status that a doctor carries with the title which is often voiced by the family members ( Sanders, 2012) To avoid the possible course of action related to who passes the information I have asked the doctor to speak with the son and explain the advantages of making a ‘Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation’ (DNACPR) decision. Brass (2008) explains that the autocratic leader decides, directs and controls all activities and is an effective forward thinker assuring at the same time good but strict organisation by keeping close regulation of policies and procedures. Kane and Patapan (2012) alert to use the democracy wisely explaining that, at times, democracy can do more harm than help. Although the democratic style is often considered very effective it demands a lot of time to set a plan, let people contribute and then opt for the best course of action. Both styles used enabled the team to organize and plan Mr. X’s end of life care in a desired way. The autocratic/ authoritative style by giving me confidence and resources in the form of pain and distress relief medication that were in place to be used when required and the DNACPR. The democratic discussing proposed course of actions with the doctor, the team and the family member. Peters (2005) encourages to mix styles in order to be effective but underlines that it is needed to have a broad repertoire of styles and to use them appropriately. By choosing the member of team who was familiar with the family I have managed to reduce the barrier between the POA and staff; and empower the team to take an active part in the tasks. This approach concerned both: Mr. X and his son and the members of the team. †¦ claims that team leaders and managers should pay attention to building team relationships because it helps the team to meet the established goals and objectives and to work as one cohesive unit. †¦ Ward (2002) adds that nursing needs leaders that can be facilitators to humanize their workplaces and this can be achieved by paying more attention to the people that work for an organisation. Creating the atmosphere of good relationships we have gained more time to plan individual care for Mr. X, as per his wish. The case demonstrated application of ‘demo autocratic’ approach by mixing the two styles often perceived as opposites. Planning The desired outcome was to help the patient to die comfortably and dignified and to help the son understand and accept his decisions (made when he was still capable) regarding his last days of life. The team had focus on the quality of care for Mr X that would mirror his wishes; [. in his room, looking at familiar faces around him, with his favorite music in the background, comfortable and pain free] The established goals refer to ’7-step protocol to negotiate goals of care’ recommended by Buckman (1992) and to Scottish Palliative Care Guidelines (NHS Scotland, 2014) Involve the entire team; encourage effective communication and a forward thinking approach; create the right setting – ensuring time and atmosphere to discuss the situation Determine the POA awareness and compare it with Mr.X wishes to clarify the context Check documents and explore what Mr X. was expecting and hoping for, compare it with POA holders’ expectations and explain best possible outcomes. Suggest realistic objectives; consult the doctor; organise DNACPR Alert everybody in the team to offer support and act in a sensitive and tactful manner knowing emotions that may arise. Make a plan and follow through – how Mr.X’s symptoms will be controlled and managed; appoint staff to observe and report changes in Mr. X condition, co-ordinate care; have pain and distress relief medication in place to be used when required; Review and revise Mr. X ability to eat and drink; his comfort; medication and doctor/nursing interventions required Have daily and hourly charts to control hydration level (fluid chart) and comfort (hourly turning chart) analyse them and act appropriately. Implementation To implement the goals it was important to obtain Mr. X’s sons agreement to continue with providing the care for Mr X within the care home. Mustafa (2015) suggest using imaginary approach and recommends talking about thoughts, values, wishes and desires of the dying person which helps to understand their points of view to end-of-life. Katz and Peace (2003) claim that this approach aims to enable a family member to put him/herself in the place of the dying person helps them choose as he or she would like. My duty was to coordinate the team- delegate tasks and people; control the situation and act in Mr X best interests by communicating with staff – explaining why and what is the desired outcome; document -write and implement ‘end of life care plan’: including pain and distress relief; hydration, skin care and wellbeing in terms of comfort and dignity. This related to an approach known as best interests (Katz and Peace, 2003) with the aim to decide what would be best Mr.X Delegating staff helped to provide good quality of care for Mr.X and demonstrated that our actions were not about ‘passive watching a dying person’ but about fulfilling Mr X wishes. Contacting the doctor and discussing Mr.X condition helped in implementing goals related to pain relief and distress as well as in obtaining the DNACPR decision. This meant for the team that all appropriate treatments will be given but we will not attempt CPR to let Mr. X pass away peacefully. The rationale for the DNACPR decision was explained to the son by the doctor making it clear that transfer to hospital was not appropriate. The steps undertaken are amongst others recommended by Morris and Collier (2012) in as guidance for care workers dealing with patients at their ends of lives. It was essential to involve the whole team and to trust each other in order to follow through the plan made earlier, ensuring that Mr X’s symptoms of pain and discomfort were controlled and managed. So once we had the pain relief and DNACPR in place to be used when required, it was needed to have dedicated people who could ‘flag up’ the moments of implementing them into practice. We had an explanatory meeting to alert staff to observe and document Mr. X’s ability to eat and drink; skin and his general comfort by completing daily and hourly charts to control hydration level (fluid chart) and comfort (hourly turning chart) to analyse them and act appropriately. This required excellent communication skills from the entire team. (†¦.) underlines the importance of care workers’ ability to use wide range of communicating skills such as nonverbal: touch, watch facial and eyes expression and listen. This way we could receive information about a particular of care aspect that needed to be addressed. Old and Swagerty (2007) mention that setting goals and their implementation is a challenging subject in the palliative care because the customers views differ from their families. The patients’ needs relate in the majority to sense of security, comfort and quality of life whereas the families focus more on the revival itself. The implementation of the goals set by the team related to the abilities of seeing the â€Å"whole† patientwhich is considered the underpinning philosophy in palliative care (Twomey et.al. 2007). Evaluation According to Crowie et al. (2012) case studies allow in-depth, multi-faceted explorations of complex issues in real-life settings and are often used to improve health care. Nursing teams have a constant presence in the patients life within care home settlements, while other healthcare professionals or relatives visit them with varying frequency and for limited periods of time. Therefore the teams are the direct environment for the people that they look after and depending on their professionalism, knowledge, style and compassion, the patient’s quality of life may vary. They deal with different conditions and face many challenges that can result in poor care delivery (Care Quality Commission (2013/14) Their attitudes to care are often perceived as more task based than person centered.Patients however, like Mr. X, often cannot decide for themselves and therefore need to be treated with even greater respect, dignity and compassion (Care Quality Commission, 2013/14) Although Mr X was considered at the end of life as he was likely to die within the next 12 months at admission to the care home (The General Medical Council, 2010) there was no clear instructions within his files of what do when his condition changes suddenly. The appointed by Mr.X POA holder had the right to make decisions for him regardless Mr X’s wishes that were nuncupated to staff only. Respecting his wishes the team made a great effort to act in the best interest of Mr.X This related to the use of various components of management and leadership. The Quality Compliance Systems (2014) highlights that the delivery of successful health and social care services relies on effective management and strong leadership. The Nursing and Midwifery Councils (2004) guidance implies an active approach from nurses is expected, using the terms protect and promote in relation to the rights of terminally ill patients and directs that â€Å"nurses must respect the rights of the individual and the patient/clients role in planning their own care. Nurses are seen as advocates for the customers and have a legal, moral and professional duty to care recognising the customer’s right to individual choice at all times†. There is however evidence of inconsistencies in palliative care services (House of Commons Health Committee, 2004) and this is why care teams need to take active part in creating ‘cultures of high quality care’. Dixon-Woods et al. (2014) state that there are four key elements: â€Å"inspiring visions operationalised at every level; clear, aligned objectives for all teams, departments and individual staff; supportive and enabling people management and high levels of staff engagement; learning, innovation and quality improvement embedded in the practice of all staff† to ensure compassionate care and high quality of care for patients. West et al. (2014) add team working as the fifth crucial element of improving quality of care. The family could have been explained the palliative care approach before the rapid deterioration of Mr X condition. Trough more effective communication and a forward thinking approach discussed with the family the issue of the suspected abuse of the autonomy would possibly become non existent The GP could have been contacted sooner to discuss CPR decison.

Eulogy for Grandmother :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Grandmother With the little things. It's the little things that make up a year, and the years which make up a life. It's the little things that make up the memories. And I have an abundance of those. Sitting on the green couch listening to stories. Stories from her childhood, from the war years and beyond. Stories of playing with mice in the attic of the house -- her refuge as none of her siblings would go up there, stories of being tied up and gagged with a pickle in the mouth and shoved behind a cupboard by an exasperated older brother. Stories of shooting peas at the women in her father's factory. Of being found awake too early by her father one Christmas morning and being punished by having the presents taken away. Only she cried so much she was allowed to keep the doll. Of having some painful ailment and being carried kicking and screaming into the ocean by Sally because "Salt water will cure it." Of playing on a raft and having it sink. Everyone got off except May. They stood on the bank and watched it sink with May stubbornly repeating "I'm not going to swim". Grandma always laughed so much telling that story! Stories of the war. Protecting the patients from bombs by putting them under the stairs. But the mothers and newborn babies went under their beds. Of bringing corn back after a visit back home and carrying the two pieces round the wards so every soldier could have a bite. Of working with blind children. Of going out into streets full of rubble. ("Were you scared, Grandma?" "No. I was always too busy looking after others to be scared.") Of meeting an Australian soldier during a dance in England. Of getting married. I was fascinated by those stories. She told them so well. Over and over. She never seemed to get tired of me asking. Christmas time. Luke, Grandma and I, then later Chloà « and Laura. Lying in front of the fire writing letters to Santa and "posting" them up the chimney then racing outside to see the charred remains carried away by the breeze. Snooping around trying to find the Christmas stockings she made out of old orange bags. Pouring boiling water over almonds then "shooting" them out of their skins. They used to go all over the kitchen! Eulogy for Grandmother :: Eulogies Eulogy Eulogy for Grandmother With the little things. It's the little things that make up a year, and the years which make up a life. It's the little things that make up the memories. And I have an abundance of those. Sitting on the green couch listening to stories. Stories from her childhood, from the war years and beyond. Stories of playing with mice in the attic of the house -- her refuge as none of her siblings would go up there, stories of being tied up and gagged with a pickle in the mouth and shoved behind a cupboard by an exasperated older brother. Stories of shooting peas at the women in her father's factory. Of being found awake too early by her father one Christmas morning and being punished by having the presents taken away. Only she cried so much she was allowed to keep the doll. Of having some painful ailment and being carried kicking and screaming into the ocean by Sally because "Salt water will cure it." Of playing on a raft and having it sink. Everyone got off except May. They stood on the bank and watched it sink with May stubbornly repeating "I'm not going to swim". Grandma always laughed so much telling that story! Stories of the war. Protecting the patients from bombs by putting them under the stairs. But the mothers and newborn babies went under their beds. Of bringing corn back after a visit back home and carrying the two pieces round the wards so every soldier could have a bite. Of working with blind children. Of going out into streets full of rubble. ("Were you scared, Grandma?" "No. I was always too busy looking after others to be scared.") Of meeting an Australian soldier during a dance in England. Of getting married. I was fascinated by those stories. She told them so well. Over and over. She never seemed to get tired of me asking. Christmas time. Luke, Grandma and I, then later Chloà « and Laura. Lying in front of the fire writing letters to Santa and "posting" them up the chimney then racing outside to see the charred remains carried away by the breeze. Snooping around trying to find the Christmas stockings she made out of old orange bags. Pouring boiling water over almonds then "shooting" them out of their skins. They used to go all over the kitchen!

Ecstasy Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ecstasy, or 3, 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, was first synthesized and patented in 1914, by the German drug company Merck. The original purpose of the drug was to be an appetite suppressant, however in 1970 it was given to clinical depressed patients to open them up and talk about their feelings. Then in 1986, Ecstasy was determined to cause brain damage (http://faculity.washington.edu/chudler/mdma.html).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ecstasy is used at the party and rave scene for its effects on the emotional state of the user. The drug lowers the user’s inhibitions; it relaxes them. The drug also increases awareness and feelings of pleasure and joy while giving the user energy. Side effects of the drug includes: headaches, chills, eye twitching, jaw clenching, blurred vision, and nausea http://faculity.washington.edu/chudler/mdma.html). But the hangover ecstasy causes is said to worse then the hangover alcohol causes(â€Å"After the Rave: the Ecstasy Hangover).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The hangover produced by ecstasy causes the user to have memory impairments. This is due to the loss of serotonin, which will be discussed later on. The reduction in serotonine affects the brains capacity to learn and remember. The memory impairment has shown to be detected up until two weeks after use, but habitual users who have become addicted show damage for up until seven years. Research has shown that the impairment is not due to withdrawal, but is heavily dose- dependent (â€Å"Ecstasy’s Legacy†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another problem with Ecstasy is the deadly combination it makes when mixed with other drugs and medications. Other drugs have harmed the body more so, because they use the liver enzyme CYP2D6 that metabolizes the drug. Thus the body can not rid itself of ecstasy and acts as if experiencing an overdose. The body then dies as if it has overdosed (â€Å"Deadly Combination†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other drugs such as anti-depressants, trigger a surge of blood pressure when mixed with ecstasy. This surge causes the heart to be overworked and eventually burn out, leading to cardiac arrest and death. Molecular Mechanisms, another medication, block the neurotransmitters that clear the nervous system of ecstasy(â€Å"Deadly Combination†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The nervous system is the area of the body most affected by... ... breathing trouble, and also comas. As with GHB and ecstasy, rohypnol works to destroy the body in the nervous system. Roypnol is a type of benzodiazepine, a sedative or an antianxiety medication. The benzodiazepine interacts with the receptors on neurons in the brain. Roypnol, like GHB targets the neurotransmitter GABA. The interaction between the GABA receptors and the roypnol inhibits neurons and reduces neuronal activity. The bonding of the receptors enhance the affect of GABA and begin to reduce brain activity. Taken over long periods of time, the affect of the hyperactivity of GABA will cease all brain activity (www.faculity.washington.edu/chudler/ghb.html).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drugs kill. That is the bottom line. It doesn’t matter the dosage of drug taken, because if the user becomes addicted the body is already poisoned with the toxins. Most drugs affect the nervous system. The nervous system is what keeps the body alive, to mess around with substances that are harmful to the system is like writing a death sentence. Drugs are not going to eliminated from society but people need to be kept informed about their decisions and the effects their choices have on them.